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Structural Analysis & Designing

Prior to breaking ground on any new construction project, important structural and design considerations must be addressed. Using the project’s architectural plans, structural engineers begin preparing a detailed structural analysis and design plan, adhering to these four important factors.

1. Design Code and Standards

Structural designs must comply with all national, state or local building standards, permit requirements and design codes. These criteria serve as guidelines when designing a proposed project. While building codes will vary depending on location, here are some relevant codes and standards to consider:

IS 456 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS 800-1984 Code of Practice for General Steel Structure

IS 801-1975 Code of Practice for use of Cold Formal Light Guage Steel

2. Load Considerations (IS 875 PART 1,2,3,4,5)

An analysis of load consideration is a vital part of the structural design. Load considerations will depend on the type of occupancy for the structure, as well as the height of the structure. Three common loadings of a building include:

Dead Load (DL): Typically composed of the self-weight of the member or a structure as per IS 875 PART1

Super-imposed Dead Load (SDL): Comprises of the floor finishes and the weight of the partitions, Live Loads (LL): Constitutes movable loads that the structure may carry.

3. Framing

Determining the proper structural support, or framing, is an important part of the process to ensure the safety of the structure. Structural analysis, through the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology, can help to determine appropriate slab thickness, beam dimensions, orientations, design of footings and more.

BIM is a 3D model-based tool that provides an effective means of designing and communicating, using real-time data sharing. This valuable insight helps to ensure seamless planning, designing, construction and management of the project.

4. Schedule

The ultimate performance of a building relies on the collaborative efforts of all project participants. Once all analyses and designs have been completed, a structural markup, including the design, schedule and budget must be submitted. In this stage, complete collaboration between all stakeholders is necessary to ensure every detail is accounted for in the overall schedule.

Sustainable Architecture and Green Building Design Services

Structural analysis and design are just a part of the collaborative efforts required to achieve a successful project. At KMB, our structural engineering team brings robust experience, results-oriented designs and solutions, and a time-sensitive, client-focused approach to all our projects. As a responsive engineering company, our client-focused approach helps to reduce time and money spent for all assignments, no matter how complex or expansive your project is.

Structural Detailing

• Reinforced Concrete Member
• Steel member

Construction Audit

A construction audit is a review of various aspects of a project to ensure they are performing appropriately and in keeping with the contract. Since construction projects typically involve several entities performing a number of concurrent tasks, a construction audit is a crucial tool for keeping everything on track and under budget.

Construction audits can be conducted by the construction company. It can also be requested by project stakeholders or government officials on public projects. If you need tips for what to look for during a construction audit or how to prepare for one, an Orlando construction lawyer can help.

Here are four reasons why construction audits can be a vital tool for your project:

Aids Cost Recovery

Construction site costs can vary throughout a project and, without proper controls, can quickly spiral out of control. Many disputes have arisen out of this. A construction audit can help discern, per the contract, which party should be responsible for which costs and helps keeps projects within budgets.

Improves Internal Controls

A great deal of conflict on construction sites stems from an inability to stay within the scope of the project. Project managers are assigned with the task of ensuring that all parties are performing their requested tasks, that a project plan is being followed correctly, and that safety measures are being employed. A construction audit makes sure that project managers are doing their job correctly.

Determines the Project Progress

Construction audits are important because they can help ensure that timelines are met. A construction auditor will come down to the job site, review progress, and speak with personnel to get an accurate feel for what phase a project is in. They will be able to assess whether the project is on time, behind schedule or ahead of schedule. From a financial standpoint, many construction companies bill clients based on the project completion level. Construction audits can inform all parties if the project is at a point where an invoice is appropriate.

Ensures Safety

Construction auditors can review procedures dealing with hazardous materials, equipment, and even walkways, to make sure that a safe environment is being provided for workers.

Estimation

Estimating is the technique of calculating or Computing the various quantities and the expected Expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project.

In case the funds available are less than the estimated cost the work is done in part or by reducing it or specifications are altered, the following requirement are necessary for preparing an estimate.

• Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points.
• Detailed specifications about workmenship & properties of materials etc.
• Standard schedule of rates of the current year.

NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING

1. Estimate give an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be determined i..e whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available or not.
2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.
3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract.
4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of work.

Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not.

PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING.

Estimating involves the following operations

1. Preparing detailed Estimate.
2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work
3. Preparing abstract of estimate

1.4 DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE

1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc.
2. Specifications.
3. Rates.

DRAWINGS

If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of estimation become very difficult. So, It is very essential before preparing an estimate. 

1.4.2. SPECIFICATIONS

1. General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of building.
2. Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items of work laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of preparation workmanship and execution of work.

1.4.3. RATES:

For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.

1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.
2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Mazdoor, etc.,

1.5 complete estimate:

Most of people think that the estimate of a structure includes cost of land, cost of materials and labour, But many other direct and indirect costs included and is shown below. The Complete Estimate Cost of land P.s.and contingencies at 5% Legal expenses between owner’s and contractor Cost of Structure Actual cost of land Cost of Surveying Cost of Verification of deeds and execution of deeds Brochorage if any Cost of labour Permit fees for construction water, electricity from concerned authorities cost of materials Consulting Engineers fees cost for preparation of plan, estimate and design Cost of supervision.

Valuation

Valuation is a quantitative process of determining the fair value of an asset or a firm. In general, a company can be valued on its own on an absolute basis, or else on a relative basis compared to other similar companies or assets.

Therefore, the work of analysts when doing valuation is to know if an asset or a company is undervalued or overvalued by the market. … They are required for a number of reasons including merger and acquisition transactions, capital budgeting, investment analysis, litigation, and financial reporting.

Billing

Detailed checking of bills of contractors and Material Supply Bills, Preparation of Bills and RA Bill Certification

Project Profitability

Working out Profitability in Projects Profitability helps a business owner or project manager to take the decision whether to take up the project or not To forecast profitability one has to take into account the project delay cost, employee working cost, operational cost etc.

Project Budgeting

The Project Budget is a tool used by project managers to estimate the total cost of a project. A project budget template includes a detailed estimate of all costs that are likely to be incurred before the project is completed.

Initially, the project budget allows the project manager to determine how much the project is likely to cost. Throughout the course of the project, it lets the project manager check whether or not the project is sticking to its budget.